Footnotes

1. Gibbons, R. and Roach, R. Playing for Keeps: Boosting Western Canada’s Economic Competitiveness in the Post-Recession World. pp. 4. Canada West Foundation.

2. Western Economic Diversification Canada. <http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/243.asp>. Downloaded December4, 2009.

3. We do not include United Kingdom counties or Japanese prefectures, since GDP data are not collected at this level for the United Kingdom and Japan.

4. Gibbons, R. and Roach, R. Playing for Keeps: Boosting Western Canada’s Economic Competitiveness in the Post-Recession World. pp. 26. Canada West Foundation.

5. We are assuming bitumen production of 345,000 barrels per day, bitumen extraction costs of $18-20 per barrel and final synthetic crude production costs of $36-40 per barrel.

6. We are making some brave assumptions about value capture here, particularly that all logistics and transportation value-added of transporting refined oil to markets is captured in Canada.

7. Boothe, P. and Roy, R. “Business Sector Productivity in Canada: What Do We Know?” Industry Canada. International Productivity Monitor. See: Table 1. pp. 4.

8. These criteria are more or less applied by site selectors and global benchmarking consultancies such as IBM’s Plant Location International and KPMG’s Competitive Alternatives. The list selected here comes from IBM’s Plant Location International.

9. Western Economic Diversification Canada. <http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/8206.asp>. Downloaded December 4, 2009.

10. Invest in Canada. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/industry-sectors/aerospace.aspx>. Downloaded December 5, 2009.

11. Boeing Canada. <http://www.boeing.ca/ViewContent.do?id=21502&aContent=Boeing%20Winnipeg>. Downloaded December 4, 2009.

12. Winnipeg Free Press. Aerospace Industry on a High. <http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/aerospace-industry-on-a-high-44633692.html>. Downloaded December 5, 2009.

13. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/app/ccc/srch/nvgt.do?lang=eng&prtl=1&sbPrtl=&estblmntNo=124987880000&profile=cmpltPrfl&profileId=1421&app=sold>. Downloaded December 4, 2009.

14. CNW Group. “Avcorp announces amended agreement with Export Development Canada (EDC)”. December 30, 2009. <http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/December2009/30/c5978.html>.

15. Business Week. <http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4452134>. Downloaded December 5, 2009.

16. Scottish Development International. MRO in Scotland. pp. 6. March 2009.

17. New Mexico Business Weekly. State’s aerospace industry upward bound despite reaction. <http://albuquerque.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2009/11/02/focus1.html> Downloaded December 5, 2009.

18. State of Colorado. <http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/OEDIT/OEDIT/1167928382073> Downloaded December 4, 2009.

19. Statistics Canada. <http://cansim2.statcan.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=E&SP_Action=More&SP_ID=2256&SP_Portal=2>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

20. Government of British Columbia. <http://www.sted.gov.bc.ca/MIT/SBIIO/Documents/SectorProfile_ICT.pdf>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

21. BC Stats. <http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/dd/handout/naicsann.pdf>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

22. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications/games.aspx>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

23. Vancouver Economic Development Commission. <http://www.vancouvereconomic.com/page/information-communications-technology>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

24. Information and Communications Technology Council. <http://www.ictc-ctic.ca/uploadedFiles/Labour_Market_Intelligence/The_Outlook_2012_-_2015/ICTC_Outlook_2008-2015_e_.pdf>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

25. Government of Alberta. <http://www.alberta-canada.com/industries/866.html>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

26. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications.aspx>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

27. Calgary Economic Development Corporation. <http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/files/Sector%20profiles/ICT_profile_2007.pdf>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

28. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications/wireless.aspx>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

29. http://mb.jobfutures.org/profiles/profile_alpha.cfm?lang=en&site=graphic>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

30. Government of Saskatchewan. <http://www.enterprisesaskatchewan.ca/infotech>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

31. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications.aspx>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

32. Government of Saskatchewan. <http://www.sasknetwork.ca/html/Home/lmi/sectorstudies/ssinfotech.htm>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

33. Government of Saskatchewan. <http://www.saskexports.com/liberty-46493fe348c03.htm>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

34. TRLabs. <http://www.trlabs.ca/trlabs/about/>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

35. <http://www.westgrid.ca/faq/prospective_users>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

36. University of Alberta. <http://www.ualbertacentennial.ca/organization/affiliated/nint.html>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

37. <http://aet.alberta.ca/media/144449/nanotechnology_strategy_complete2.pdf>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

38. Government of British Columbia. <http://www.sted.gov.bc.ca/MIT/SBIIO/Documents/SectorProfile_ICT.pdf>. Downloaded November 27, 2009.

39. Government of British Columbia. <http://www.investbc.com/businessincentives.htm>. Downloaded November 27, 2009.

40. Government of British Columbia. <http://www.advancededucation.gov.ab.ca/technology/support/taxcredit.aspx>. Downloaded November 27, 2009.

41. Government of Saskatchewan. <http://www.finance.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=7210d60f-4263-4bf8-9f59-dbbbd8d64f7a>. Downloaded November 27, 2009.

42. Government of Manitoba. <http://www.gov.mb.ca/ctt/invest/busfacts/govt/rd_taxcredit.html>. Downloaded November 27, 2009.

43. Gartner Research Inc. “Market Trends: Application Development Slow but Steady, Worldwide, 2009-2013”.

44. See <http://www.winbc.org/Event_Centre/Events/WE01250701.aspx>. Downloaded November 29, 2009.

45. Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters. < http://cme-mec.ca/pdf/Outlook2020.pdf>. Downloaded December 12, 2009.

46. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic334etbe.html#est1>. Downloaded December 12, 2009.

47. See: <http://www.copl.ulaval.ca/fileadmin/copl/documents/images/Actualites_et_evenements/Dossier_Photonics_Spectra_09-09.pdf>. Downloaded December 12, 2009.

48. See: <http://www.sdtc.ca/en/knowledge/Deloitte_SDTC_WesternCanadaCleantechReport.pdf >. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

49. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic3353etbe.html>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

50. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic3359etbe.html>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

51. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic3351etbe.html >. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

52. Gartner Research. Dataquest Insight. “Back-End Manufacturing Capacity Continues its Shift to Asia/Pacific”. September 29, 2009. Downloaded November 1, 2009.

53. ibid.

54. Gartner Research. Dataquest Insight. “Semiconductor Profitability Marred by Continuing Losses in Memory Sector” . July 21, 2009. Downloaded November 1, 2009.

55. ibid.

56. ibid.

57. Gartner Research. Dataquest Insight. “Private Semiconductor Company Directory, 2009”. November 27, 2009. Downloaded December 16, 2009.

58. Government of Alberta. Alberta Agriculture Statistics Yearbook 2007. Year in Review.
< http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/All/sdd12270/$FILE/yearinreview.pdf>. p.1. Downloaded November 25, 2009.
Government of Saskatchewan. Ministry of Agriculture. December 2008 Agricultural Statistics Fact Sheet.
<http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=6dae21c7-fdfe-4e7d-bd31-ddcb176618f4>. p.2. Downloaded November 25, 2009.
Government of Manitoba. <http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/statistics/aac10s16.html>. Downloaded November 25, 2009.

59. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. Bi-weekly Bulletin. July 19, 2002. Vol. 15. No.14. pp.2. <http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/A27-18-15-14E.pdf>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

60. See: National Farmers Union. “Canada’s Farm and Food Sectors, Competition and Competitiveness, and a Path Out of the Net Farm Income Swamp.” Report prepared by the National Farmers Union for the House of Commons Standing Committee on Agriculture. June 11, 2009.

61. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. “Potential Benefits of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals to the Agri-Food Industry in Canada”. <http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher.do?id=1172236805144&lang=eng>. Downloaded November 26, 2009.

62. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/industry-sectors/chemicals.aspx>. p.1. Downloaded December 15, 2009

63. ibid.

64. ibid.

65. Government of Alberta. <http://www.alberta-canada.com/industries/861.html >. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

66. ibid. p.1

67. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic325etbe.html> Downloaded January 12, 2010.

68. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic325etbe.html> Downloaded January 12, 2010.

69. Industry Canada. <http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic325etbe.html> Downloaded January 12, 2010.

70. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/industry-sectors/chemicals.aspx>. p. 1. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

71. See: <http://www.centralalberta.ab.ca/pdf/sectorPro_petro.pdf >. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

72. See: <http://www.centralalberta.ab.ca/pdf/sectorPro_petro.pdf >. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

73. See: <http://www.novachem.com/index.cfm>. Downloaded December 16, 2009.

74. See: <http://www.centralalberta.ab.ca/pdf/sectorPro_petro.pdf >. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

75. See: <http://www.agrium.com/>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

76. See: <http://www.suncor.com/>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

77. See: <http://www.syncrude.ca>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

78. See: <http://www.huskyenergy.com/abouthusky/>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

79. See: <http://www.nexeninc.com>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

80. See: <http://www.cwdwindows.com>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

81. See: <http://www.gienow.com>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

82. See: <http://www.ccpa.ca/files/Library/Reports/KeystoneDocs/Vancouver.pdf>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

83. See: <http://www.methanex.com>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

84. See: <http://www.jimpattison.com>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

85. See: <http://www.teck.com>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

86. See: <http://www.cloverdalepaint.com>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

87. See: <http://www.interwrap.com>. Downloaded December 22, 2009.

88. See: <http://www.aeel.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=597,195,178,169,94,88,Documents&MediaID=361&Filename=spp_plastics_industry_ex.pdf&l=English >. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

89. See: <http://www.ccrl-fcl.ca>. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

90. See: < http://www.winpak.com>. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

91. See: <http://www.agsolutions.ca>. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

92. See: <http://www.shell.com/ >. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

93. See: <http://www.dow.com/>. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

94. See: <http://www2.dupont.com>. Downloaded December 21, 2009.

95. See: <http://www.exxonmobil.com>. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

96. See: <http://www.centralalberta.ab.ca/pdf/sectorPro_petro.pdf>. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

97. See: <http://www.aeri.ab.ca/ >. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

98. See: <http://www.aicise.ca/ >. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

99. See: <http://www.iseee.ca/ >. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

100. See: <http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/chorus.htm>. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

101. See: <http://www.arc.ab.ca/about-us/>. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

102. See: <http://www.ptrc.ca>. Downloaded December 23, 2009.

103. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/industry-sectors/chemicals.aspx>. p. 1. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

104. ibid.

105. KPMG. Competitive Alternatives. 2008. <ftp://ftp.competitivealternatives.com/2008_compalt_report_vol1_en.pdf>. Downloaded December 16, 2009.

106. These include the following facilities: Lloydminster (Husky Energy): 25,000 bpd; Regina (Consumers' Co-operative Refineries Limited [CCRL]): 100,000 bpd; Edmonton (Imperial Oil): 187,000 bpd; Scotford (Shell Canada), 100,000 bpd; Edmonton (Petro-Canada): 135,000 bpd; Burnaby (Chevron): 52,000 bpd; Prince George (Husky Energy): 12,000 bpd.

107. See: Todd Hirsch. “Upgrading Alberta.” Policy Options. April 7, 2007. <http://www.cwf.ca/V2/cnt/oped_200704191135.php>. Downloaded December 27, 2009.

108. See, for example, David Netzer and Associates. Alberta Bitumen Processing Integration Study.
<http://www.petrochemicals.dnetzer.net/articles/AlbertaIntegrationReport.pdf>. Downloaded December 27, 2009.

109. Don Whitely. “Oil exports to Asia drive expansion plans at B.C. ports in Vancouver and Kitimat.” The Vancouver Sun. December 1, 2009.

110. InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway & Corridor: A Strategic Context for Competitive Advantage. p.13.

111. Port Metro Vancouver. Statistics Overview 2008.
<http://www.portmetrovancouver.com/Libraries/ABOUT_Facts_Stats/2008_PMV_Statistics_Overview_Report.sflb.ashx>. Downloaded November 30, 2009.

112. See: http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/CONTAINERTRAFFICNORTHAMERICA1990-2008.xls

113. InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway & Corridor: A Strategic Context for Competitive Advantage. p.12.

114. Oliver Wyman. Criteria of Choice. North American Heartland Infrastructure Requirements. February, 2009.

115. IEMR. Survey of U.S. Importers’ and Exporters’ Perceptions of Canada’s Asia Pacific Gateway. February, 2009.

116. Armbruster, W. and Powers, J. “Georgia’s Winning Strategy”, Shipping Digest On-line. January 19, 2009. <https://www.effinghamindustry.com/uploads/GPA_in_Shipping_Digest_1-19-09.pdf> Downloaded November 27, 2009.

117. ibid. p. 2.

118. ibid. p. 3.

119. See Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative (APGCI) Report and Recommendations to The Honourable David Emerson from Jeff Burghardt, Arther DeFehr, and T. Richard Turner.

120. Invest in Canada Bureau. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications/fin_services.aspx>. Downloaded December 29, 2009.

121. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/labor21c-eng.htm>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

122. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/labr67k-eng.htm>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

123. Statistics Canada. <http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/dd/handout/naicsann.pdf>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

124. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/pro01/pro110-eng.htm>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

125. Government of Canada. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/industry-sectors/financialservices.aspx>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

126. British Columbia Financial Institutions Commission. <http://www.fic.gov.bc.ca/responsibilities/creditunionsandtrusts/overview.htm>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

127. Thomson Reuters. Venture capital data provided by Western Economic Diversification.

128. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/labr67j-eng.htm>. Downloaded December 30, 2009.

129. Government of Alberta. <http://alberta.ca/home/NewsFrame.cfm?ReleaseID=/acn/200911/273902C56ABE8-B4E1-768A-015F2E75B03D866C.html>. Downloaded January 3, 2010.

130. Government of Canada. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications/busi_services.aspx>. Downloaded January 3, 2010.

131. Government of Canada. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications/busi_services.aspx>. Downloaded January 3, 2010.

132. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/pro01/pro109-eng.htm>. Downloaded January 3, 2010.

133. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/labr67h-eng.htm>. Downloaded January 3, 2010.

134. Destination Winnipeg Inc. <http://www.destinationwinnipeg.ca/economic-development/business/key-sectors-and-companies/strategic-sectors>. Downloaded January 3, 2010.

135. Government of Canada. <http://investincanada.gc.ca/eng/publications/busi_services.aspx>. Downloaded January 4, 2010.

136. Destination Winnipeg Inc. <http://www.destinationwinnipeg.ca/economic-development/business/key-sectors-and-companies/strategic-sectors>. Downloaded January 4, 2010.

137. Statistics Canada. <http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/pro01/pro107-eng.htm>. Downloaded January 4, 2010.

138. The International Financial Centre British Columbia. <http://www.ifcbc.com/ifb-international-financial-business.htm>. Downloaded January 4, 2010.

139. Government of British Columbia. <http://www.sbr.gov.bc.ca/individuals/Income_Taxes/International_Financial_Activity/faq.htm>. Downloaded January 4, 2010.

140. Government of Manitoba. <http://www.gov.mb.ca/ctt/invest/busfacts/govt/rd_taxcredit.html>. Downloaded January 4, 2010.

141. UNCTAD. FDI Stat®. <http://stats.unctad.org/FDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

142. UNCTAD. FDI Stat®. <http://stats.unctad.org/FDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

143. OECD. Checklist for Foreign Direct Investment Incentive Policies. p.12. 2003.

144. OECD. Incentives-based Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Brazil. Working Papers on International Investment. Number 2003/1 <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/40/2500995.pdf>. Downloaded December 27, 2009.

145. ibid. p. 14.

146. ibid. p. 14.

147. For a legal opinion on municipal bonusing, please see: Steven J. O’Melia, Rick F. Coburn and Thomas S. Melville. “Municipal Bonusing: What’s Permitted and What’s Not.”. Miller Thomson LLP. June 2006. <http://www.millerthomson.com/docs/Municipal_Bonusing_Whats_Permitted_and_Whats_Not.PDF>. Downloaded January 2, 2010.

148. See New Mexico Aviation & Aerospace. < http://nmpartnership.com/pdfs/Aviation.pdf>. pp. 13. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

149. ibid. pp.13.

150. All statistics calculated from: <http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/CONTAINERTRAFFICNORTHAMERICA1990-2008.xls>

151. All transit time calculations from: <http://www.searates.com>

152. ibid. p. 2.

153. See: <http://www.people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/appl4en/savannah_logistics_cluster.html>. Downloaded December 26, 2009.

154. ibid.

155. ibid. p. 3

156. Technology Innovation Program. < http://www.nist.gov/tip/revised_faq_website_1_7_2010.pdf>. Downloaded November 26, 2009.

157. Richard Benedetto. USA Today. < http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-02-06-advanced-tech-program_x.htm>. Downloaded December 15, 2009.

158. European Union. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/marcopolo/calls/docs/faq/faq_full.pdf>. p. 1. Downloaded January 9th, 2010.

159. ibid. p. 6.

160. European Union. Marco Polo: New Ways to a Green Horizon. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/marcopolo/publi/docs/brochures/bestof_2009_en.pdf>. p. 2. Downloaded January 10, 2010.

161. ibid. p. 4.

162. Porter, Michael. 2001. Wichita-Clusters of Innovation Initiative, Council on Competitiveness.

163. David Burress. 2006. Attracting and Retaining National Corporate Headquarters in Kansas. <http://www.kansasinc.org/pubs/working/Corporate%20Headquarters.pdf>. p. 62. Downloaded December 29, 2009.

164. ibid. p. 67.

165. ibid. p. 62.

166. ibid. p. 67.